1500 B.C. Indus River Valley civilization

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A. About 1500 B.C. Indus River Valley civilization ended abruptly being destroyed (according to some scholars) by invading Aryans

B. Aryan Conquests (2000-600 B.C.)
1. Indo-European-speaking & light-skin Aryan probably
related to Persians crossed NW mountain passes and
invaded Indus Plain
a. conquered dark-skin Dravidian inhabitants,
displacing them to the south (where their descendants still live)
b. by 6th century B.C., Aryans had subjugated Ganges Valley and occupied entire northern plain
1) formed small states which frequently warred
among themselves
2. Aryan history and culture are revealed chiefly by their
religious writings, Vedas, of which the oldest is the
Rig-Veda
a. during Aryan period or Vedic age, India’s
civilization began to assume its important characteristics
1) Aryans spoke Sanskrit, later the India’s principal
literary language
2) teaching of Vedas later became part of Hindu
religion
3) to prevent intermarriage and maintain
supremacy, Aryans placed Dravidians into
separate, inferior class – possibly forerunner of
India’s caste system

C. Persian Rule in Northwest India (521-367 B.C.)
1. Darius, king of Persia, annexed Indus River region to
his empire
a. Persian rule stimulated cultural and commercial
contacts between NW India and eastern Mediterranean areas, including Greece

D. Alexander of Greece Conquers Northwest India (326
B.C.)
1. Alexander the Great conquered Pakistan Empire and subdued Indus River region in 326 B.C.
a. Alexander’s conquests were short-lived but
increased Greek influence on India, particularly in
trade, culture and government

E. The Maurya Empire (321-184 B.C.)
1. An Indian family name of Maurya established India’s
first great empire with its outstanding rulers of
Chandragupta (r. 322-298 B.C.) and Ashoka (r. 273-
232 B.C.)
2. Chandragupta Maurya
a. inspired by Alexander’s military feats,
Chandragupta
1) expelled Greek garrisons left by Alexander
2) won control of northern plain
3) founded Maurya Empire
4) established highly-centralized government
modeled after Persian practice
3. Ashoka (Chandragupta’s grandson)
a. continued Maurya conquest southward in Indian
subcontinent, conquering more than 1/3 of India
b. later rejected war and became devout convert to
Buddhism
c. promoted Buddhism within India and sent Buddhist
religious teachers as missionaries to convert people
of Ceylon and Burma
d. Ashoka’s edicts, inscribed on stone pillars and large rocks, emphasized truth, justice, charity, religious tolerance and nonviolence
e. restricted the slaughter of animals
f. urged vegetarianism
g. often regarded as one of world’s noblest rulers
h. after Ashoka’s death, Maurya Empire declined and
was followed by five (5) centuries of invasion, war
and disorder

F. The Gupta Empire (320-535 A.D.)
1. the native Gupta family during the 4th century A.D.
established an empire embracing northern India
a. restoring law and order, Guptas revived prosperity
b. Gupta reign witnessed great achievements in art,
literature, mathematics and science
c. India became a center of learning and its culture
spread throughout eastern Asia
d. Gupta period is sometimes called India’s “golden
age”
2. during 6th century A.D. Gupta government was overthrown by the White Huns of central Asia
a. Ephthalites was the name given by Byzantine historians and Hayathelaites by the Persian historian Mirkhond, and sometimes Ye-tai or Hua by Chinese historians.
b. They are also known as the White Huns, different
from the Hun who led by Attila invading the Roman Empire.
c. White Huns are described as a kindred steppe people originally occupied the pasturelands in the Altai mountain of southwestern Mongolia.
d. Toward the middle of the 5th century, they expanded
westward probably because of the pressure from the
Juan-juan, a powerful nomadic tribe in Mongolia. W
e. within decades, they became a great power in the
Oxus basin and the most serious enemy of the
Persian empire.

G. Invasion of India
1. During the 5th century, the Gupta dynasty in India
reigned in the Ganges basin with the Kushan empire
occupying the area along the Indus.
2. India knew the Hephthalite as Huna by the Sanskrit
name.
a. The Hephthaltes or Hunas waited till 470, right after the death of Gupta ruler, Skandagupta (455-470), and entered the Inda from the Kabul valley after the conquest of Kushan.
b. They mopped on along the Ganges and ruined
every city and town.
c. The noble capital, Pataliputra, was reduced in
population to a village.
d. Huna persecuted Buddhists and burned all the
monasteries.
e. Huna conquest was accomplished with extreme
ferocity and the Gupta regime (414-470) was
extinguished.
3. For 30 years northwestern India was ruled by
Hephthalite kings.
a. We learned some of the Hephthalite kings ruling
India from coins.
b. The most famous kings were Toramana and
Mihrakula ruling India in the first half of the 6th century.

II. INDIA: FROM MOSLEM INVASIONS TO BRITISH RULE
A. Interregnum Rule in India
1. Following destruction of Gupta Empire in 535 A.D.,
northern India consisted of several independent
warring states
a. India’s political disunity and wealth attracted
Moslem invaders
2. By 8th century Moslem Arabs extended their power
and spread Islamism to India’s western neighbors of
Persia and Afghanistan
a. for 10 centuries thereafter various Moslem peoples
crossed India’s NW mountain passes, invading northern plain and occasionally expanding into Deccan plateau
b. Moslem conquests greatly influenced India’s
political and cultural development

B. Early Moslem Invasions of India (8th century to 10th
century)
1. Moslem Arabs conquered territories in Indus River
region of NW India
a. these lands were initially part of Moslem Empire,
but later became independent Moslem states

C. Expeditions of Mahmud (998-1030)
1. Mahmud, a Turkish Moslem ruler in Afghanistan, led
17 raids into India’s northern plain from Indus to
Ganges – supposedly to spread Islamic religion
a. Mahmud killed and enslaved Hindu natives
b. destroyed Hindu temples and artistic works
c. looted rich cities
d. absconded much plunder
e. annexed only the Punjab, a province of NW India
2. Mahmud achieved no permanent conquests

D. Moslem Sultanate at Delhi (late 12th to late 14th
centuries)
1.
a. this Turk and ex-slave led Moslem forces from
Afghanistan to destroy Hindu armies and conquer
India’s entire Northern Plain
b. Aibak established capital at strategically located
Delhi and governed as all-powerful Moslem sultan
ruler, founding the Delhi Empire
c. later sultans extended Moslem power southward
into Deccan
2. despising Hinduism as idolatry (idol worship), Delhi
sultans tried to covert their conquered subjects to Islam
a. by persecuting Hindus and offering tax benefits and
social equality to converts, Moslems gained new adherents, especially from lower castes
b. Hinduism survived as religion of overwhelming
majority in India
3. Delhi sultanate weakened in 14th century with portions
becoming independent states, usually under Moslem
rulers

E. Invasion of Tamerlane (1398-1399)
1. Tamerlane, a Mongol warrior chieftain of central Asia,
was one of history’s great empire builders
a. ruled from Mesopotamia to Afghanistan
b. in 1398 overran India’s northern plain
c. although Moslem, Tamerlane sacked Delhi and
supposedly slaughtered 100,000 persons
(Moslems and Hindus)
d. Tamerlane inexplicably withdrew from northern
India, leaving that region physically isolated and
politically disunited

F. The Mogul Empire (16th-18th centuries)
1. Established by Mongol invaders from Afghanistan, the
Mogul Empire was the last Moslem empire in India
a. the outstanding Mogul emperors were Babar and his grandson Akbar
2. Babar (r. 1526-1530)
a. descendant of Tamerlane
b. conquered much of northern India, including Delhi
c. founded Mogul Empire
3. Akbar or Akbar the Great (r. 1556-1605)
a. invigorated Mogul Empire with a long, wise and
successful rule
b. extended Mogul Empire’s boundaries throughout
northern plain and southward into the Deccan
Plateau
c. to provide good government, Akbar established a
strongly centralized rule and competent civil
service
d. Akbar supported religious tolerance and treated
realm’s Hindu majority fairly
1) removed special tax upon non-Moslems
2) forbade slave raids upon Hindus
3) personally married a Hindu princess
e. encouraged learning & furthered art, architecture &
literature
f. is rated as one of history’s outstanding monarchs
4. Mogul Empire eventually declined with Moguls no
longer exercising power over most of India by 18th
century

G. Coming of the Europeans to India (late 15th to 18th
centuries)
1. In 1498 before Moguls invaded northern India,
Portuguese merchant ship under Vasco da Gama reached SW India
a. this contact between western Europe and India
was part of Europe’s overseas expansion called the Commercial Revolution
b. factors encouraging overseas voyages
1) trade with the East since the Crusades
2) European curiosity about the Far East
a) reports of travelers to eastern Asia,
particularly Marco Polo
b) Renaissance spirit of inquiry that sought
information about the world
3) wealth and ambitions of new national states
4) scientific progress
2. 17th-century England and France as leading
European powers chartered East India companies
and founded trading posts in India
a. both became rivals for India’s trade and territory
b. both trained native armies to add to own forces
and acquired allies among native princes
3. By 1763 after a series of wars, British ended French
power in India
a. 7 Years’ War (1756-1763) and Robert Clive’s
defeat of the French at the Battle of Plassey in India
1) Treaty of Paris (1763)
a) Great Britain acquired French Canada and
all French territory east of the Mississippi
(except for the city of New Orleans ceded
to Spain)
b) France agreed not to impede British
control of India
b. encountering no effective opposition from the
decrepit Mogul Empire or disunited princes,
England rapidly expanded rule throughout India
4. British conquest was unique in contrast to previous
conquerors of India
a. British came by sea and not by land
b. ultimately established their control over the entire
India, not over only part of India
c. from late 18th century onward, the history of India
merges with the history of British imperialism

H. Factors Enabling Britain to Dominate India
1. Relatively few British military and civilian personnel
gradually expanded British control throughout vast,
heavily populated India
a. British conquest was facilitated by India’s disunity
and backwardness
2. Factors
a. Indian military inferiority in contrasts with superior
British military knowledge, training and equipment
b. divided linguistically among 12+ main languages
and 200 dialects reflecting geographic and cultural separation
c. religious divisions
1) Moslems constituted 20% of population
2) Hindus constituted 80% of population
a) divergent religious traditions and past conflicts
b) Moslems & Hindus remained bitterly
antagonistic to each other
d. caste system within Hinduism rigidly divided people
and kept them from effective cooperation
e. political disunity with India having over 600
independent states, each headed by its own native
prince (or rajah)

III. MOSLEM INFLUENCES ON INDIA
A. Government
1. by conquest Moslem leaders became ruling
aristocracy, chiefly in northern and central India
a. Hindu princes retained control mainly in the south
2. Moslem rulers exercised absolute power over their
own people and the more numerous Hindus
B. Religion
1. Moslem invasions greatly increased religious diversity
in India
a. some Hindus were converted to Islam
b. Moslems in 17th-century India totaled about 20%
of population
1) concentrated in two (2) unconnected territories
a) far western Indus extremity of India’s
northern plain
b) far eastern Ganges extremity of India’s
northern plain
2) scattered Moslem communities existed
throughout India
a) Moslems remained distinctly separate group
from India’s overwhelming Hindu majority
2. Moslems and Hindus generally regarded each other
with hostility
a. Islamic & Hindu beliefs conflicted with each other
1) Islamic belief in close relationship and equality
of all Moslems contradicted Hindu caste
system
2) Moslem paradise in heaven contradicted
Hindu cycle of reincarnation
3) Moslem prohibition against representation of
humans clashed with Hindu use of religious
statues
b. most Moslem rulers tolerated Hinduism but
regarded Hindus to be infidels (non-believers in
the prevailing religion)
1) some Moslem rulers inflicted oppressive taxes
and forced labor upon Hindus
3. In 1947 when India became independent, Moslem-
Hindu hostility resulted in partition of the land into chiefly-Moslem Pakistan and chiefly-Hindu India

C. Language
1. Arabic was introduced and Persian reintroduced to
India by Moslem invaders
a. Persian served as official language of the Mogul
Empire
2. elements of Arabic and Persian and the native Hindi
combined to form the hybrid language of Urdu
a. Urdu is presently the national language of
Pakistan
D. Architecture
1. Moslems constructed mosques, palaces, gateways,
and tombs
a. Moslem structures had greater simplicity and
showed extensive use of the Moslem arch and dome
1) contrasted with Hindu ornateness
2. the marble Taj Mahal near Agra, India, was built in
17th century by a Mogul emperor as his wife’s tomb is
an outstanding example of Moslem architecture
a. conveys sense of beauty, dignity and grandeur

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