MGT 430 Hydraulic Fracturing Discussion

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Answer questions after .

Best practices for discussion posts remember discussions require at least 2 external references (in addition to your textbook) be used in your posts, and at least 1 reference in your responses. All references should be in APA 7th edition formatting and .

1.What is hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and what are its costs and benefits?
2.Using the classification system presented in this chapter, what type(s) of pollution is (are) generated by fracking?

Discussion Case: Hydraulic FracturingCan the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?

Hydraulic fracturingor fracking, as it is sometimes knownhas been called the gold rush of the 21st century because so many companies and people are rushing to make their fortunes by extracting oil and natural gas from underground shale formations. What are the environmental impacts of fracking, and what can business, government, and society do to reduce them?

In recent years, technology has evolved to make possible the economic extraction of crude oil and natural gas from vast underground shale formations. In hydraulic fracturing, a vertical well is drilled as deep as 7,000 feet before turning horizontally into the oil- or gas-bearing layer. Operators then pump in vast quantities of water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure to break up the shale and release hydrocarbons, which are then brought back up the drill hole. By rotating the horizontal turns in successive passes, a single well can reach a large area underground.

Hydraulic fracturing grew rapidly in the United States in the first two decades of the century. In 2016, more than 1 million oil and gas wells were operating in 31 states. The biggest fracking booms were underway in several shale formations: the Baaken (North Dakota), Marcellus (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New York, Ohio, and Maryland), Barnett (Texas), and Permian (western Texas and eastern New Mexico).

Hydraulic fracturing has several benefits. In 2012, the United States became the leading natural gas producer in the world, overtaking Russia, and in 2013, became the leading oil producer, overtaking Saudi Arabia. At current rates of growth, the United States will be energy self-sufficient by 2030. The fracking boom has created jobs, tax revenue, and royalties to property owners who lease their mineral rights. Natural gas burns cleaner than either coal or oil, providing a possible bridge to a future economy based on renewable energy.

But fracking also carries serious environmental risks. Trucks and heavy equipment cause noise and air pollution in and around drilling sites. The process uses vast quantities of waterat least 239 billion gallons since 2005, according to some estimatesdepleting supplies available for drinking and irrigation. Chemicals injected underground include a host of toxins. Fluid that returns to the surfacecalled flowbackis often further contaminated by radioactive substances, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds from deep in the Earth. Improper disposal of this wastewater can contaminate land, wells, and riversand even cause earthquakes in such normally quiescent places as Oklahoma and page 235Kansas. Methane can be released at multiple stages in the fracking process, powerfully contributing to climate change. Wildlife habitat is destroyed as forests and fields give way to industrial drilling sites.

In 2017, the Trump administration cancelled federal regulations, issued two years earlier, governing hydraulic fracturing on public and tribal lands. These regulations would have required companies to disclose the chemicals they used and set stricter rules for the storage and disposal of wastewater. States, which had jurisdiction over fracking on private and state-owned land, had taken a wide range of approaches. At one extreme, three statesVermont, New York, and Marylandhad banned fracking outright; some cities had as well. In announcing the decision, the health commissioner of New York said, The potential risks are too great. In fact, they are not even known. At the other extreme, government oversight in North Dakotasite of a huge oil boomwas considered highly permissive; in fact, the states top environmental regulator described himself on a radio show as not a regulations guy. Some states had charted a middle course; California, for example, implemented regulations in 2015 that allowed fracking but required strict monitoring of groundwater and air quality near wells. Most states taxed fracking operations.

As the practice of hydraulic fracturing spread, some companies experimented with new technologies to extract oil and gas with less environmental damage. Halliburton developed solar-powered storage silos and natural gas fueled pumps, . Southwestern Energy installed infrared cameras to detect fugitive methane emissions, so leaks could be plugged. General Electric tested a system that enabled water to be treated and reused on site, and GasFrac, a Canadian company, introduced a fracking method that used no water at all.

Said a professor who studied these trends, [It is] the same as with any industryif you come out with a game-changing technology, you can get in the market first and ride that.

Sources: The Worlds Top Oil Producers of 2017, Investopedia, February 19, 2018; To Round Out a Year of Rollbacks, the Trump Administration Just Repealed Key Regulations on Fracking, The Washington Post, December 29, 2017; Fracking by the Numbers: The Damage to Our Water, Land, and Climate from a Decade of Dirty Drilling, Environment America, April 2016; New Federal Rules are Set for Fracking, The New York Times, March 20, 2015; Citing Health Risks, Cuomo Bans Fracking in New York State, The New York Times, December 17, 2014; The Downside of the Boom, [series of articles], The New York Times, various dates starting November 22, 2014; Green Fracking? 5 Technologies for , National Geographic, March 21, 2014. Maps showing the distribution of fracking wells in the United States are available online at www.fractracker.org/map.

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