Contemporary and future issues in business ethics

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1
BUS B368F
BUSINESS ISSUES AND ETHICS
Lecture 11
Part 1: Introduction to business ethics
Part 2: Business ethics in the business disciplines.
Part 3: Contemporary and future issues in business ethics.
2
COURSE OVERVIEW
Part 3: Contemporary and future issues in business ethics:
Business ethics and the natural environment
Lecture 7
Business ethics and information technology
Lecture 8
Lecture 9
Business ethics and globalization
Lecture 10
Lecture 11
3
COURSE OVERVIEW
Business Ethics and Globalization
Part 1: The contribution of globalization to the oppression of
workers. .
Part 2: The impact of globalization on our moral obligations:
Moral obligations towards others who live in others
countries.
Moral obligations towards others who live in future
generations.
4
INTRODUCTION
Upon completion of Lecture 11, you should be able to:
1. Reflect on the moral obligations of businesses to help
address global ethical issues.
5
INTRODUCTION
Topics:
Global issues
Famine-malnutrition and moral obligation
Poverty and moral obligation
Cosmopolitanism
Types of world resources
Views ownership of world resources
Global common goods
Oil and the depletion of natural resources
Sustainable development
6
INTRODUCTION
Do we have a moral responsibility to consider the needs of
people who live in other countries to the same extend as we
consider our own needs?
And do we have a moral responsibility to consider future
generations needs to the same extend as we consider our
own present needs?
7
INTRODUCTION
In the previous lecture we discussed the content of
individuals ethical arguments and that many of these ethical
arguments are too narrow because they are one-sided.
The arguments often only consider the outcomes for
individuals from one particular country at one particular
moment in time.
In this lecture you will find out that we should also consider
the ethical outcomes for individuals in other countries, or
the world as a whole, when we judge the ethically of an act.
Individual who belong to current and future generations
After all, our moral obligations cross borders and time.
8
INTRODUCTION
Most countries are intertwined with much of the rest of the
world.
Yet, when we look at the rest of the world, we see that
millions of people suffer from chronic malnutrition and that
many people die of starvation.
Considering these issues:
Is it ethical that we stockpile surplus food?
And is it ethical that supermarkets throw away unsold food
items?
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GLOBAL ISSUES
Can our society be a moral society if it does not respond to the
needs of others living elsewhere.
Do our moral obligations only apply within our country?
Or do they cross borders?
10
GLOBAL ISSUES
We just discussed our moral responsibility in global issues
in general.
What about global issues in terms of famine and malnutrition
in particular?
Where to draw the line of moral obligation?
How much cost must we bear in order to help others in need?
It may be helpful to divide complex ethical issues into
smaller, more manageable parts. Once it becomes clear to
you how to manage a smaller part, it will also become
clearer how to deal with the ethical issue as a whole.
11
FAMINE, MALNUTRITION,
AND MORAL OBLIGATION
MNCs have more obligations than businesses that operate
only in domestic contexts due to their international
activities.
MNCs are citizens of more than one country and hence have
obligations to the people of all the countries in which they
operate.
MNCs have the following obligations:
The obligation to pay their fair share of taxes in each country
is clear.
The obligation not to harm is also clear.
Agricultural multinationals have the obligation not to
contribute to starvation and malnutrition by buying up
farmland for export crops with no concern for the effect of
this action on the local population.
12
FAMINE, MALNUTRITION,
AND MORAL OBLIGATION
We just discussed our moral responsibility in global issues
in general.
What about global issues in terms of poverty in particular?
The cosmopolitanism approach:
Cosmopolitans believe that their approach to moral issues
fits better with the actual geopolitical and economic reality of
the world.
In the cosmopolitanism approach the rights of all individuals
get fair consideration.
Cosmopolitans argue that we should put the equality of
people above obligations tied to nations.
13
COSMOPOLITANISM AND
POVERTY
Different types of world resources:
Natural resources: such as air, water, minerals, land, and
trees.
Natural but developed resources: such as cultivated fruits
and vegetables, domesticated animals and their products
(e.g. milk, meat, wool, eggs).
Manufactured goods
Social, non-manufactured goods: such as knowledge,
technology, talents, and skills.
14
POVERTY AND ALLOCATION OF
THE WORLDS RESOURCES
Three views regarding the ownership of the worlds
resources:
1. The status quo view of resources
2. The universal-ownership view
3. The right to universal access
15
POVERTY AND ALLOCATION OF
THE WORLDS RESOURCES
The status quo view of resources:
Argues that the worlds resources have already been
divided up.
Resource-poor countries have no rights to the resources of
other countries.
16
POVERTY AND ALLOCATION OF
THE WORLDS RESOURCES
The universal-ownership view
Argues that, by, right, the worlds resources belong to all
the people.
Each person (or nation) has a right to their use, and no one
has a right to exclude anyone else from their use.
17
POVERTY AND ALLOCATION OF
THE WORLDS RESOURCES
The right to universal access
Argues that there is a universal right of access to the
worlds resources.
Resources should be used for the benefit of all.
18
POVERTY AND ALLOCATION OF
THE WORLDS RESOURCES
Another type of resource are .
Common goods are .
This means that it is difficult and often even impossible to
exclude other people from using the resource.
19
GLOBAL COMMON GOODS
Example: the ozone layer:
The ozone layer belongs to no nation, region, culture, or
business, but is essential to everyone.
The question here is not who can use the resource or who
does the resource belong to.
Instead, the question here is who should preserve it?
Who is responsible for preserving global common goods
such as the ozone layer?
20
GLOBAL COMMON GOODS
Oil is a natural resource that is currently being used at such a
high rate that it may be used up in the foreseeable future.
Oil is not necessary for our survival but it is essential to many
aspects of modern life.
Do future generations have a right to oil?
How to balance the current need for oil against the need of
future generations?
Do we have a moral responsibility to consider future
generations needs to the same extend as we consider our own
present needs?
21
OIL AND THE DEPLETION
OF NATURAL RESOURCES
No generation has the right to endanger future people any
more than it has the right to endanger present people.
Sustainable development: meeting the needs of the present
generations without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.
The general idea is not to exceed the regenerative capacity
of nature.
22
OIL AND THE DEPLETION
OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Global issues
Famine-malnutrition and moral obligation
Poverty and moral obligation
Cosmopolitanism
Types of world resources
Views ownership of world resources
Global common goods
Oil and the depletion of natural resources
Sustainable development
23
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Revision
24
NEXT LECTURE
25
SEE YOU NEXT TIME!

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