Human health and the environment

Buy ready-to-submit essays. No Plagiarism Guarantee!

Note: Our papers are 100% human-written. 

Check before you submit. Get Turnitin Score Report in 15 Minutes.

Don't risk the 'Red' score. Get the exact same Turnitin report your professor uses. Join 50,000+ students who submitted their essays with confidence this semester.

Get Turnitin Score Report Request Human Rewrite

www.theGEF.org
CHEMICALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Results from UNDPs work to protect human health and the environment from POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemicals that negatively affect health
and the environment when released into the air, water and soil. POPs can
cause nervous system damage, immune system breakdowns, reproductive and
development disorders, and cancers. They are a constant threat to sustainable
human development, with the poorest among us most susceptible to their impacts.
As an implementing agency under the Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNDP
has – since 2004 – been expanding its work on these hazardous chemicals and
promoting environmentally friendly alternatives that can promote achievement
of the existing Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
In addition to eliminating PCBs, DDT and other hazardous chemicals, UNDP played
a key role in introducing to West Africa a South African autoclave
technology that uses pressurized steam to sterilize infectious Ebola healthcare
wastes; by not incinerating these wastes, environmental pollution is reduced.
The GEF is one of UNDPs flagship programmes, and Chemicals is one of its
key components.
We are delighted to share with you the results of UNDPs work in protecting
human health and environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The
Chemicals and Waste Management for Sustainable Development publication
showcases lessons from 11 case studies around the world, funded by the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) as the main funding mechanism for the Stockholm
Convention on POPs.
Tackling hazardous chemicals pollution is an important area of GEFs
programming and UNDP actively supports developing countries and economies
in transition fulfill their obligations under the Convention, taking measures
to eliminate or restrict the production and use of POPs that are intentionally
produced and reduce the amounts of POPs that are unintentionally produced.
UNDPs expertise and experience built up over two dozen years of work in
eliminating ozone depleting chemicals is successfully utilized in helping solve
the POPs issue. This will also significantly contribute to achieving the target of
the sixth GEF funding cycle of eliminating 80,000 tonnes of POPs including PCBs,
obsolete pesticides and DDT in an environmentally sound manner.
Nik Sekhran
Director/Chief of Profession
Sustainable Development Cluster
Bureau for Policy and
Programme Support
UNDP
Adriana Dinu
Executive Coordinator
UNDP Global Environment Finance
Sustainable Development Cluster
Bureau for Policy and
Programme Support
UNDP
FOREWORD
PREFACE
Many have often considered the earth an inexhaustible source of food, water
and natural resources, while they mindlessly continue to pollute its atmosphere,
waters and soil. However as a wise person once said we humans cannot live
without the earths resources, while the earth can get along quite nicely without
us. Helping rid the world of hazardous chemicals is therefore a key step to helping
maintain earths atmosphere and its ecosystems.
All projects implemented by UNDP in POPs and covered in this report are funded
by the GEF under its Strategic Plan for Chemicals and Waste. We also have a
few activities in chemicals mainstreaming funded by SAICM QSP and some
bilateral programmes. All reflect the objectives of the Stockholm Convention
and its Secretariat. UNDP supports 84 countries implement POPs-related projects
amounting to US$156 million in GEF grants and US$392 million in co-financing.
The 11 Case Studies included cover a wide range of experiences including
PCBs, pesticides, e-waste, open burning of wastes, the fight against Ebola and
South-South cooperation. We hope these case studies presented in this Brochure
to be launched at COP-7 in Geneva in May 2015 will inspire better chemicals
use and disposal practices.
INTRODUCTION

Director
Montreal Protocol/Chemicals Unit
Sustainable Development Cluster
Bureau for Policy and Programme
Support
UNDP
Application of GEF-UNDPs global medical waste project
in Ebola-affected countries
OPERATOR JEFFREY AT JFK MEMORIAL HOSPITAL IN MONROVIA, LIBERIA, TESTING THE NEWLY INSTALLED STATE-OF-THE-ART AUTOCLAVE
WHICH WILL BE USED FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFER TREATMENT OF EBOLA HEALTHCARE WASTE. THIS IS DISCUSSED IN MORE DETAIL IN
CASE STUDY #10. PHOTO BY BABACAR NDOYE.
The Stockholm Convention on POPs 1
UNDP and the Stockholm Convention on POPs 2
The Reality of Chemicals and Waste Management 6
UNDPs Role in Protecting Environment and Health from POPs 7
Sound Management of Chemicals and Waste and the SDGs 8
Recent Case Studies: Results and Lessons Learned 11
1. GEORGIA: Clean-up and Disposal of POPs Pesticides 11
2. VIET NAM: Eliminate Pesticide Stockpiles (2009-2015) 12
3. MAURITIUS: POPs Management and Disposal 13
4. KAZAKHSTAN: PCB Management and Disposal (2010-2015) 14
5. JORDAN: Implementation of a Comprehensive PCB Management Sytem (2011-2015) 15
6. NIGERIA: Reduced Open Waste Burning for a Cleaner Earth (2010-2015) 16
7. HONDURAS: Reducing UPOPs from Municipal Waste Burning 17
8. CHINA: Phasing-Out DDT and Sustaining Livelihoods 18
9. CHINA: E-Waste Management 19
10. GUINEA, LIBERIA & SIERRA LEONE: The Fight Against Ebola 20
11. LAC: Promoting South-South Cooperation : Exchange of POPs Experiences 21
Looking Forward 22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXCAVATION OF POPS PESTICIDES AT THE LAGLUJA PESTICIDE BURIAL SITE IN GEORGIA. PHOTO BY VLADIMER VALISHVILI.
China is celebrating 10 years of successful POPs
project implementation. To commemorate this
milestone, Chinas Ministry of Environmental
Protection/FECO, together with UNDP/China,
will roll out a month-long international
campaign (May-June 2015) to raise public
awareness on the danger that POPs present
and highlight successful efforts to deal with
this problem in China and around the world.
This campaign will introduce POPs a technical
term to the public in a simple cartoon video
and smartphone games so as to generate an
enabling environment for POPs reduction.
A Side Event titled A Song for You: Combating
POPs Chinas Action Towards a POPs-free
Future will be hosted by China on Friday 8 May
2015 from 1:15pm to 2:45pm in Conf. Room
4 during the Stockholm Convention COP-7 in
Geneva (4-15 May 2015).
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty designed to protect
human health and the environment from chemicals
that do not degrade naturally for long periods of time,
are widely distributed geographically, and accumulate
in the fatty tissues of humans and wildlife. Exposure
to POPs can lead to serious health effects, including
certain types of cancer, birth defects, developmental
problems, dysfunctional immune and reproductive
systems, and greater susceptibility to disease.
Given the long-range dispersion of POPs on wind
and water currents, no single government acting
alone can protect its citizens or environment from
exposure to POPs. The Stockholm Convention,
adopted in 2001, entered into force in 2004 and
requires countries that are Parties to it to take
measures to eliminate or restrict the production
and use of all POPs that are intentionally produced.
The Convention also encourages countries to
undertake continuous reductions in the POPs
unintentionally produced (UPOPs), and to adopt the
use of environmentally sound alternative processes
and chemicals while promoting sound management
of wastes and contaminated products. Initially, the
Convention targeted 12 priority POPs, referred to as
The Dirty Dozen
1 most were pesticides and the
others were industrial chemicals and by-products.
Over the years, 11 additional POPs have been added
after extensive review, and more are likely to be added
in future.
THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
ON POPs
Combating POPs Chinas Action Towards a POPs-free Future
1 The Dirty Dozen are (1) Aldrin, (2) Chlordane, (3) Dieldrin, (4) Endrin, (5) Heptachlor, (6) Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), (7) Mirex,
(8) Toxaphene, (9) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), (10) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT, (11) Dioxins and (12) Furans.
1
Since 2004, UNDP has been supporting developing
countries, and countries with economies in transition,
in their efforts to reduce and eliminate POPs and
meet the objectives of the Stockholm Convention.
UNDP POPs projects are designed to ensure national
coordination among chemicals-related activities in
support of global conventions on chemicals.
Many of the challenges in reducing and eliminating
POPs require enhanced national capacities, and
increased availability of technical knowledge and
training. Through its presence at the local level,
UNDP helps countries:
Meet reporting obligations, share lessons learned
and adopt best practices.
Build necessary capacity to implement POPs risk
reduction measures, including the disposal of POPs
and POPs waste.
Reduce the exposure and release of POPs to protect
human health and the environment.
Demonstrate effective alternative technologies and
practices that avoid POPs releases.
UNDP initially supported 29 countries in national
planning, building capacity, meeting Convention
reporting obligations and compiling the first National
Implementation Plans (NIPs), covering the original
12 POPs. UNDP then helped implement activities
prioritized in the NIPs.
Since 2004, UNDP has supported 84 countries
implement POPs-related projects through national,
regional and global programmes. In total, UNDPs
portfolio of POPs projects amounts to US$156 million
of grants (through GEF) and US$392 million in
co-financing (see Table 1).
UNDP AND THE STOCKHOLM
CONVENTION ON POPs
2
Table 1: UNDP/GEF POPs MSP/FSP (20042015)
Country POPs Area
GEF Grant
(US$000)
Target
Argentina PCB Management 3,400 1,000 T (D); 1,000 T (S)
Armenia POPs Pesticides 4,700 1,050 T (D)
Belize UPOPs from HCWM 990 6.4 g-TEQ
Brazil PCB Management 4,700 1,000 T (D)
China Pesticides Dicophol 6,000 100 T (D); 100 T (S)
China DDT Antifouling Paint 10,365 100 T (D); 100 T (S)
China UPOPs/PBDEs from e-waste 11,650 655 g-TEQ; 8.3t/yr PBDE
China UPOPs: secondary copper PPG Phase NA
Colombia PCB Management 3,400 500 T (D)
Colombia NIP update 250 NA
Costa Rica PCB Management 1,930 1,350 T (D)
Ecuador PCB Management 2,000 750 T (D)
Egypt UPOPs and PBDEs from HCWM & e-waste 4,100 41 g-TEQ
Georgia POPs Pesticides 1,000 250 T (D)
Ghana PCB Management 2,945 150 T (D)
Honduras Multi-POPs 2,650 89 (D); 40 (S); 80 g-TEQ
Indonesia PBDEs from plastics prod., recycling and e-waste 3,990 10 g-TEQ
Jordan PCB Management 950 40 T (D)
Kazakhstan PCB Management 3,300 1050 T (D); 200 T (S)
Kazakhstan NIP + UPOPs from HCW 3,400 103 g-TEQ
Kenya UPOPs from MSW and HCW PPG phase NA
Kyrgyzstan PCB Management 950 25 T (D)
Kyrgyzstan UPOPs from HCWM 1,425 3 g-TEQ
Latvia PCB Management 999.6 280 T (D)
Mauritius Multi-POPs 902.25 21 T (S)
Mexico PCB Management 4,630 1,979 T (D); 818 T (S)
Mexico UPOPs from e-waste and pesticide management PPG phase NA
Morocco PCB Management 2,198 685 T (D)
Nicaragua POPs Pesticides 900 1,288 m3 (S)
Nigeria UPOPs from open burning 4,150 5.6 g-TEQ
Pakistan PCBs and POPs pesticides 5,150 1,600 T (D), 1,600 T (S)
Rwanda PCB Management 886.7 150 T (D)
Trin. & Tobago NIP Update 425.5 NA
Turkey Multi-POPs: Industry UPOPs, PCBs, POPs pesticides, NIP 6,931.4 4,032 T (D); 250 g-TEQ
Uruguay PCB Management 954.55 124 T (D); 20 g-TEQ
Viet Nam Pesticides, contaminated sites 3,957.58 1,140 T (D)
Viet Nam Dioxin Hotspot remediation 4,977.27 1,736 g-TEQ
Viet Nam SMC, POPs contaminated sites and MIA 2,550 6,350 T (S)
Viet Nam NIP Update 225 NA
Africa (4) UPOPs in HCWM 6,453.2 32 g-TEQ
Global UPOPs in HCWM 10,326.46 226 g-TEQ
Indonesia/Philippines Lead 838
15 countries Skills building for NIP devl. 700 NA
25 countries Skills building for NIP devl. 1,000 NA
TOTAL 133,250.51
T: tonnes; S = safeguarded; D: disposed; NA: Not Applicable; Africa 4 countries: Ghana, Madagascar, Tanzania, Zambia;
Global countries: Argentina, India, Latvia, Lebanon, Senegal, Tanzania, Philippines, Viet Nam
3
Figure 1 above shows the geographical distribution
of UNDP implemented projects on POPs.
UNDP-supported country projects and global
programmes address a variety of national and
Stockholm Convention priorities, as well as GEF
Strategic Objectives. Sectors that are supported
through UNDP projects include:
Update and revision of National Implementation
Plans (NIPs)
PCB management
POPs pesticide management
Reduction and elimination of UPOPs from:
Healthcare Waste Management
E-waste Management
Municipal Waste Management

Metallurgical Production Processes and Recycling
Reduced use and releases of POPs flame
retardants from:
Manufacturing and production processes
Plastics waste management and recycling
TRAINING ON THE LABELING OF PCB CONTAINING CAPACITORS IN KAZAKHSTAN. PHOTO BY ALMAT ABENOV.
Figure 1: Geographical distribution of UNDP implemented projects on POPs
147
GEF Grant Financing Project Cofinancing
Center Right left
0
50
100
150
200
250
Latin America &
Caribbean
Africa Arab States Asia Pacific Europe & CIS Global
47
18
16
8
176
54
91
35
50
29
12
12
Project funding, US$ millions
4
Figure 2 shows the distribution of projects by category
of POPs addressed. UNDPs key approaches to helping
countries advance the sound management of
POPs include:
Advocacy and awareness raising on the
importance of POPs management campaigning
among stakeholders, decision makers and
population groups at risk.
Capacity building identification of innovative
practices, policies and institutional reforms, to help
countries put in place POPs management structures
based on needs, financial assessments, and
lessons-learned and experiences from
other countries.
Technical assistance specifically designed
to address national challenges and constraints
that affect the management of POPs.
Monitoring assisting countries track their
progress on addressing POPs phase-out.
For additional information on GEF Chemicals and
Waste projects that are not POPs such as Mercury,
ODS, and other heavy metals please refer to the
other booklets in this publication series.
RECOVERED AND REPACKAGED POPS PESTICIDES FROM THE LAGLUJA PESTICIDE BURIAL SITE IN GEORGIA. PHOTO BY VLADIMER VALISHVILI.
Figure 2: UNDP Chemicals & Waste Portfolio by categories of POPs addressed
147
28%
33%
17%
22%
Center Right
UPOPs
PCBs
Multi POPs Contaminants
POPs Pesticides
left
5
THE REALITY of Chemicals and
Waste Management
Global Chemicals Outputgrew 84% between 2000 and 2010 with emerging
economies accounting for 65% of the increase.1
4.9 million deaths were attributable to environmental exposure and management
of selected chemicals in 2004.3
The costs of injury to pesticide users
on smallholdings in 37 sub-Saharan African
countries was USD 4.4 billion in 2005.3
A mother can pass
as much as 33% of her
chemical body burden
to her child.
232 toxic chemicals
were found in umbilical cord
blood from U.S. newborns.2
Plastics weighing 191
times as much as the Titanic are
dumped in the oceans every year.4
Sources: 1. UNEP Global Chemicals Outlook, 2013; 2. Environmental Working Group (2009); 3. UNEP Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals (2013);
4. UCSB NCEAS/Ocean Conservancy (2015).
54% percent of the
global burden of disease due
to the chemicals is borne by
children under the age of 15.3
7,000 Developing countries 6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
US$ TRILLIO N
Developed countries
2000 2010 2020
Mln
Mln
Mln Mln Mln
POLLUTION
6
220,000 people safeguarded from high-risk
POPs exposure.5
A family represents 20,000 people protected
9,500 tons of POPs Chemicals disposed.5
Each tank represents 1,000 tonnes
335,000 tonnes of POPs contaminated waste5
safeguarded
300,000 people trained.
5
65 POPs policies and regulations adopted5
Sources: 5. UNDP Annual Portfolio Indicators (2012, 2013 and 2014)
84 countries supportedthrough
UNDP POPs projects5
UNDPS ROLE in Protecting
Environment and Health from POPs
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs 1000 TONS
POPs
500 TONS
HAZARDOUS
DANGER
CHEMICALS
7
Chemicals play a part in almost all human activities (medicines,
water purifiers, agricultural chemicals) and the chemicals industry
makes major contributions to national economies in terms of
GDP and job creation. However, when chemicals are mismanaged,
poorest communities face the highest risk due to their occupations,
living conditions and limited access to uncontaminated food
and water. SMCW can protect them from environmental and
occupational exposure.
The sound use and application of fertilizers and pesticides
can boost the productivity of agricultural lands on which
poor communities depend. However, when poorly managed,
agricultural chemicals can pose significant risks to human health,
cause pollution and land degradation, impacting livelihoods
in sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. SMCW can maintain
a healthy agricultural base while maximizing the benefits
of agricultural chemicals.
At Rio+20 (UN Conference on Sustainable Development) in 2012, countries
established an intergovernmental process to develop a set of action-oriented,
concise and easy to communicate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to spur
sustainable development. These SDGs2
are expected to be adopted by the UN
General Assembly at its 68th Session (Sept. 2015). Chemicals play an important
role in development, and so the Sound Management of Chemicals and Wastes
(SMCW) is an important component of UNDPs efforts to achieve sustainable,
inclusive and resilient human development and the SDGs. Some of the most
obvious linkages between SMCW and the SDGs are mentioned below:
SOUND MANAGEMENT
OF CHEMICALS & WASTES
AND THE SDGs
2 Photos are from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgsproposal
8
Chemical products such as medicines, insecticides, repellants
and larvicides help prevent millions of deaths ech year. At the
same time, 4.9 million deaths (8.3% of the global total) and
86 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (5.7% of the global total)
are attributable to pollution (WHO, 2004). We need to ensure that
chemicals use and wastes do not cause environmental pollution,
do not contaminate water, soil and air, protect human health
and prevent death and illnesses.
When hazardous chemicals are applied in products and in
productive sectors, their use as well as the dumping of products
that contain them, can result in the release of hazardous
chemicals, cause pollution that severely impacts water quality.
SMCW can help prevent pollution of water sources, improve
treatment of wastewater and drinking supplies and thus increase
the availability of clean water.
SMCW is an integral part of sustainable industrialization. It plays
a critical role in greening/retrofitting industry through holistic
cleaner production approaches that introduce environmentally
sound technologies/processes and the use of less or non-harmful
chemicals (Green Chemistry). This is often tied to improving energy
efficiency, reducing water and resource usage and decreasing
waste production. Sustainable industrialization and SMCW can
boost innovation, open up opportunities to new markets and
value chains, and increase employment opportunities.
Cities occupy only 3% of the earths land surface, yet house half the
human population and use 75% of earths resources. Cities are the
largest consumers of natural resources and the biggest sources of
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. SMCW is key to helping
cities become more sustainable, through the use of less harmful
products and construction materials, improved waste management
practices and services, and greening industry to reduce emissions
that impact air and water quality.
9
Services and products required to meet basic human needs and
improve the quality of life consume natural resources and often
contain toxic materials. At several points during their life-cycle
they generate waste and release pollutants. SMCW plays a key
role in enabling countries to decouple growth from resource
use and pollution, by redesigning products and production
processes, phasingout toxic materials, minimizing waste
generation and optimizing resource use through recycling
and reuse.
SMCW is key to combatting climate change. The phaseout to date
of most ozone depleting substances (ODS) has not only led to
regeneration of the ozone layer but also significant reductions
in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as most ODS are also powerful
GHGs. SMCW presents several opportunities for GHG emission
reductions, through resource recovery and recycling, waste to
energy processes, optimizing waste transportation, composting,
and use of newer, more-efficient transformers and condensers
to replace those containing PCBs, and among many others.
Run-off and releases from sectors such as mining, agriculture
and industry can lead to the pollution of waterways, oceans
and seas. It can cause nutrient pollution and contamination of the
oceans food chain. Waste that ends up in oceans, rivers, and other
waterways, leads to the death every year of hundreds of thousands
of sea turtles, whales, and other marine mammals, and more than
1 million seabirds from entanglement, indigestion and pollution.
Improving the management and disposal of wastes and reducing
the release of harmful chemicals is an important intervention
in protecting the worlds oceans, seas and marine resources.
Production, use and handling of chemicals and waste, if not
properly managed, can cause severe environmental degradation,
contamination of water, soil, air, flora and fauna and disrupt
ecosystems. SMCW, by preventing or minimizing releases of
harmful chemicals and waste into the environment, protects
habitats and ecosystems and reduces the need for difficult
and costly remediation.
10
During 1976-1985, around 3,000 tonnes of obsolete pesticides (including POPs)
were dumped at the countrys main pesticide dumpsite Lagluja, 80 km from the
capital Tbilisi. The most hazardous ones including DDT were stored in concrete
waste cells while less toxic pesticides were dumped in open trenches and covered
with soil. A GEF/UNDP project was approved in 2011 to help the Ministry of
Environmental Protection & Natural Resources safely dispose of up to 250 tonnes
of POPs pesticides at Lagluja.
Working with the Marneuli municipality, the site was fenced off and warning
signs installed. Drainage ditches were restored to minimize run-off and soil/water
pollution. Drilling and sampling/assessment located the buried pesticides and
showed the concrete waste cells had collapsed, leading to mixing of pesticides
with other materials including soil.
230 tonnes of POPs pesticides and contaminated soil (including 118 tonnes of DDT)
were excavated, repackaged and transported to certified disposal facilities in Belgium
and France. Formulation and adoption of national technical guidelines for the
handling, transport, storage and disposal of POPs pesticides followed. Determination
of the quantity of pesticides left in the landfill and finalization of a long-term cleanup
and remediation plan will be the last activity. The project has safeguarded the
health of 137,000 people and their livestock, while national capacity developed for
dumpsite investigation, risk assessment, and export of hazardous waste will ensure
that the Government can effectively manage its hazardous wastes in future.
RECENT CASE STUDIES:
RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED
CASE STUDY 1
Georgia: Clean-up and disposal of POPs Pesticides
EXCAVATION OF POPS
PESTICIDES AT THE LAGLUJA
PESTICIDE BURIAL SITE
IN GEORGIA. PHOTO BY
VLADIMER VALISHVILI.
Proper site assessment
prior to excavation/
remediation can provide
good insight as to the
quantity of pesticides
to be excavated and
the costs involved.
A well-designed
and implemented
POPs pesticides
demonstration project
can facilitate adoption
of national guidelines
and regulations for
effective disposal.
11
Viet Nam has a ban on import and use of POPs pesticides. However, lack of
funding and access to technologies led to the accumulation of unused pesticide
stockpiles in sheds or buried underground. With no safeguards in place, the high
concentration of buried pesticides led to severe pollution of water, soil and food.
Communities constructed housing or relied on polluted water sources leading in
certain locations to severe health impacts including deaths and birth abnormalities.
Since 2009, a GEF/UNDP/FAO project has assisted the Government clean up
priority sites and destroy 1,140 tonnes of POPs pesticides. 1,153 potentially
contaminated sites have been reviewed, 335 assessed in detail, and the top
100 included in the National Target Programme on Pollution Management and
Environmental Improvement. It facilitated national regulations on management
and remediation of POPs pesticides contaminated sites, developed a 5-phase
technical guideline for environmentally contaminated site management, and
is preparing a guidance document on locally available BAT including combustion
and non-combustion approaches.
Remediation of 10 priority hot spots was completed with more than 700 tonnes
of obsolete POPs and highly contaminated soil destroyed and 5,200m3
of POPs
pesticides contaminated soil and sediment safeguarded. Around 600 central and
local Government agency staff were trained on contaminated site management
and related subjects. In 2015, remediation in Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces will
dispose of 80 additional tonnes of POPs contaminated soil. Local communities
have been safeguarded from the health effects of exposure to POPs, and national
capacities strengthened to continue clean-up of remaining sites.
The project demonstrated
treatment methods for
high, medium & low
contaminated sites,
including co-processing in
cement kilns, biochemical
decontamination, and
safeguarding through
fencing and constructing
ditches.
CASE STUDY 2
Viet Nam: Eliminate Pesticide Stockpiles (2009-2015)
REPACKAGING POPS PESTICIDES WASTE IN NGHE AN, VIETNAM. PHOTO PROVIDED BY POP PESTICIDES PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT.
12
The projects
awareness-building
activities and risk
assessment report
resulted in DDT spraying
being discontinued
in 2011, and since then
no malaria outbreaks
have occurred.
Co-financing from
waste holders was
leveraged to dispose
of an additional
4.88 tonnes of non-POPs
hazardous waste.
PACKAGED DDT CONTAMINATED SOIL IS LOADED INTO SHIPMENT CONTAINERS AT PAMPLEMOUSSES, MAURITIUS. PHOTO BY HILDA VAN DER VEEN.
The safe disposal of hazardous waste is a challenge for many small
island-developing states (SIDS) as land is limited and bad waste practices
can quickly result in ecosystem damage and health impacts. This is the case
in Mauritius whose pristine environment is a major tourism attraction.
Of particular concern was a large quantity of DDT (150 tonnes, of which
0.6 tonnes used each year for malaria control), 5 tonnes of PCB-containing
oil and 100 kg of other POPs pesticides. Most were stored in unsafe conditions
causing severe soil and water contamination. Disposing of obsolete POP
chemicals, cleaning-up POPs contaminated areas, and developing alternative
strategies for vector management to reduce the countrys reliance on DDT
were the main objectives of this GEF/UNDP project.
The project has so far disposed of 139 tonnes of DDT, 5 tonnes of PCBcontaminated waste, and 300 m3
of excavated POPs contaminated soil
(from three hot spots which were also remediated).
To reduce dependence on DDT to control malaria, project staff worked
with the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life to develop an Integrated
Vector Management (IVM) strategy which included identification, testing
and selection of effective and safe alternatives to DDT (such as pyrethroids),
surveillance of mosquito breeding places, and bed nets.
CASE STUDY 3
Mauritius: POPs Management and Disposal
13
PCBs pose significant environmental and health hazards in Kazakhstan, which ranks
second among CEIT countries with an estimated 980 tonnes of PCB contaminated
oils and 255,000 tonnes of PCB contaminated soils.
The main aim of GEF/UNDP PCB Management Plan for Kazakhstan was to
demonstrate sound management of PCBs in all its life cycle phases. Project results
included adoption of a regulatory framework for PCB management; training
of 1,100 people, 2 national hazardous waste companies and 10 laboratories on
PCB management and analysis; identification of an additional 571 PCB-containing
capacitors and 48 PCB-containing transformers; and stakeholder awareness.
Six different land-based export routes for PCB wastes were explored – none were
feasible due to PCB transboundary movement bans. 80 tonnes of contaminated oil
were then sent by plane to France for disposal the first time ever for a GEF project.
An additional 150 tonnes of repacked capacitors (~1,400) are awaiting similar
export procedures in 2015.
The PCB air export procedures and the amendments prepared for Custom Union
(CU) and Eurasia Economic Committee (EEC) legislation for future transboundary
PCB transport by land, will allow Kazakhstan to continue its efforts to phase-out
PCB containing equipment and dispose of PCBs abroad, until a hazardous waste
treatment facility is operational in the country hopefully by 2020.
CASE STUDY 4
Kazakhstan: PCB Management and Disposal (20102015)
SMC and hazardous
waste issues were
mainstreamed into
the Concept for the
Transition of the
Republic of Kazakhstan
to a Green Economy.
DRAINING OF PCB OIL FROM TRANSFORMERS AT ARCELORMITTAL TEMIRTAU IN KAZAKHSTAN. PHOTO BY POLYECO.
14
Jordans NIP indicated important barriers for the sound management of PCBs,
including absence of a centralized data system, lack of regulations on the
handling of PCBs, inadequate capacity of laboratories and storage facilities,
and low awareness on risks.
The GEF/UNDP project addressed these challenges by supporting the
accreditation of the national laboratory and testing 14,062 pieces of electrical
equipment. Those showing a concentration of 50 ppm and higher were again
analyzed by gas chromatography. All equipment was labeled and registered
in a PCB database.
Workers were trained on PCB identification, proper handling, storage, drainage,
transport and disposal. The resulting regulation – in combination with training
and awareness raising – have helped safeguard workers by minimizing further
cross-contamination and minimizing exposure to PCB-contaminated equipment,
waste and soil.
The project also drained, packed and labeled 65 tonnes of PCBs (19 transformers
and 68 capacitors), which are currently safely stored and awaiting transport to
an approved disposal facility in Europe.
CASE STUDY 5
Jordan: Implementation of a Comprehensive PCB Management
System (20112015)
The project worked
hard to engage those
holding PCB stocks.
As a result, most energy
utility companies now
provide facilities for PCB
storage and oil analysis;
data on equipment;
technical expertise,
and co-financing for
the inventory process
and replacement of
PCB equipment.
TRAINING ON PCB OIL ANALYSIS IN JORDAN. PHOTO BY LINA M. ALNSOUR.
15
This GEF/UNDP project has helped reduce releases and exposure to UPOPs from
the open burning of municipal and agricultural wastes by introducing alternative
approaches through training and practical demonstration. Support was provided for
development of a National Policy on Municipal and Agricultural Waste Management,
and training of 1,500 project stakeholders and beneficiaries on BAT/BEP in the
same areas. One key result was upgrading of an aggregate of 35 ha of dumpsites
to controlled dumpsites in the two pilot states to reduce open burning.
In Anambra State, community-based waste sorting, collection and composting
was established. Three colour-coded waste sorting receptacles were provided to
560 households to sort their waste. Recyclable and compostable waste was taken to
the compost plant for processing into organic fertilizer and plastic crumbs, and then
sold to farmers and horticulturists for soil replenishment and to industry for recycling.
In Kano state, farmers were shown how to turn crop residue into animal feed. In
addition to the provided agricultural waste shredders, farmers purchased 10 more
and processed 858 MT of crop residues in 2014. Microfinance institutions are now
interested due to the economic viability of this approach.
So far, total UPOPs releases have been reduced by 300 g-TEQ per year, reducing
exposure to farmers, waste handlers and the global environment, with health and
environmental benefits. Improved waste management has also reduced local
water and soil pollution, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and supported job
creation and sustainable livelihoods.
Local employment
was created in pilot
communities through
compositing, landfill
upgrading and
production of
animal feed.
UPOPs releases from
agricultural waste
burning have been
reduced by 60%,
while releases have
been reduced by 25%
and 57% from open
burning of collected and
uncollected municipal
waste respectively.
CASE STUDY 6
Nigeria: Reduced Open Waste Burning for a Cleaner Earth
(2010 -2015)
A FAMILY IN OKPUNO COMMUNITY (AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA) IS SIGNING FOR THE RECEIPT OF COLOR-CODED BINS FOR SEGREGATED
COLLECTION OF HOUSE HOLD WASTE. PHOTO BY IDI MOHAMMED MALEH.
16
Garbage collection
service coverage has
increased from 65%
(2012) to 85% (2015)
making Comayagua
the cleanest city in
Honduras.
The project assisted
65 former waste picker
families establish
recycling companies
while eliminating child
labour through the
reentry of 40 children
into schools.
13 new recycling
companies established
and involved in the
collection and recovery
of recyclables.
WASTE PICKERS COLLECTING RECYCLABLES AT THE FORMER
DUMPSITE IN COMAYAGUA, HONDURAS. PHOTO BY LUIS ORTEGA.
NEWLY CONSTRUCTED LANDFILL IN COMAYAGUA, HONDURAS.
PHOTO BY LUIS ORTEGA.
The UNDP/GEF project Strengthening national management capacities and
reduction releases of POPs in Honduras shows how a small country, through
a holistic chemicals management approach, can successfully address various
POPs and chemicals management challenges.
This multi-POPs project is on course to dispose of 60 tonnes of POPs pesticides,
112 tonnes of PCB containing wastes, and reduce UPOPs releases from open
burning of municipal and health-care waste by 80 g-TEQ. The national chemicals
management regime is being strengthened through adoption of the National
Policy for Environmentally Sound Management of Chemicals, the creation of
a National Commission on Chemicals Management, and regulations for the
management of PCBs and contaminated sites.
Comayagua, with 120,000 inhabitants, was one of three pilot municipalities
where the project aimed to reduce open burning of solid waste in backyards
and at the city dump. It helped the municipality formulate and implement
a masterplan for Integrated Solid Waste Management and trained municipal
staff in optimizing waste collection routes to extend collection coverage and
start composting.
The city dump was closed and a new landfill developed. Now 30,000 tonnes of
waste are properly disposed of yearly and not being burned. Public and private
health care facilities were trained in proper healthcare waste management and
a special area at the landfill now receives healthcare waste.
CASE STUDY 7
Honduras: Reducing UPOPs from municipal waste burning
17
China started producing DDT in the 1950s. At its production peak, it had
11 facilities producing 21,000 tonnes. In 1983, China stopped large-scale production
and agricultural application of DDT and since 1995 production has averaged
5,0006,000 tonnes/yr. To minimize the release and potential risk of DDT, China
worked with UNDP to develop two GEF projects to phase-out all remaining uses
of DDT and then shut down all DDT production facilities.
The first project Improvement of DDT-based Production of Dicofol and Introduction
of Alternatives Technologies including IPM for Leaf Mites Control in China, completed
in 2013, eliminated 2,800 tonnes of DDT used each year for production of Dicofol.
By demonstrating Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches in pilot areas for
important cash crops (apples, citrus, cotton), the project spurred production and
use of alternatives and phased-out Dicofol use in agriculture, helping safeguard
and improve livelihoods and incomes of farmers who received higher prices for
DDT-free cash crops.
The second project Alternatives to DDT Usage in the Production of Antifouling
Paint (AFP), completed in 2014, eliminated 250 tonnes of annual DDT use in AFP
production used to coat the bottom of ships to prevent the adhesion of organisms
such as sea-mussels and algae. The AFP manufacturing industry was converted to
non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternatives, end-users were convinced to
accept the new AFPs, and environmental management at shipyards was improved.
Economic incentives resulted in cost benefits for end-users in particular smaller
fishing vessel owners who were most vulnerable to AFP price increases.
A national ban was
issued in 2009 for the
production, distribution,
use and import of POPs
pesticides, including the
use of DDT.
DDT production facilities
have been dismantled,
and, studies on DDT
levels in the marine
environment already
show a decline in DDT
levels as compared to
the projects baseline.
CASE STUDY 8
China: Phasing-out DDT and Sustaining Livelihoods
HARVEST OF DDT-FREE CITRUS IN YIDU CITY, HUBEI PROVINCE.
PHOTO BY MR. LUO YI. THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC COOPERATION
OFFICE (FECO).
SHIP YARD WORKERS APPLYING DDT-FREE ANTI-FOULING PAINT
ON THE HULL OF A VESSEL IN YANGJIANG CITY, GUANGDONG
PROVINCE. PHOTO BY MS. SHI SHENGNAN. THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC
COOPERATION OFFICE (FECO). 18
The Big Data Joint
Laboratory in Beijing
and UNDP jointly
developed an app
allowing users to snap
a picture of their
e-waste, provides an
indicative price, and
can schedule pick-up
by a certified company.
Information from the
app can be utilized
to help electronic
manufacturing
enterprises establish
effective recycling
systems.
With technology advancement, rapid economic development and an increased
standard of living, China is now one of the largest consumers of electronic
products. In 2014, China processed around 70 million units of e-waste including
TVs and computers.
In the past, most e-waste was imported illegally and mainly processed by the
informal sector, using polluting practices that released several toxic chemicals
(mercury, lead, cadmium) and POPs (dioxins, furans, PBDEs, PFOS and PCBs)
associated with serious environmental pollution and health consequences.
China has, since 2003, been implementing several approaches to create a formal
e-waste processing sector. A GEF/UNDP project started in 2014 and is part of the
national Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) e-waste programme (targeting
national coverage by end-2015). The project will develop procedures for efficient
operation of the EPR Treatment Fund, and will develop national technical standards
for e-waste management, Life Cycle Management, eco-design labeling and
cleaner production. Awareness raising and training will promote EPR system
implementation and help customs officers distinguish between second-hand
and illegal e-waste imports.
Three demonstration sites will test more efficient collection systems, ensure
certification and registration of processing facilities, and introduce environmentally
sound procedures to dismantle, treat, process and dispose of e-waste components
utilizing demonstrated BAT/BEP technologies to minimize environmental and
human health problems.
CASE STUDY 9
China: E-waste management
NEW E-WASTE PROCESSING EQUIPMENT AT THE TCL-AOBO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. IN TIANJIN CITY.
PHOTO BY MR. GAO PENG. THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC COOPERATION OFFICE (FECO).
19
The Ebola epidemic in West Africa has been destroying lives, decimating communities,
orphaning children and reversing economic and social gains in the three countries.
Getting the epidemic under control is the main focus of health and development
partners in these three countries. In addition to direct contact, the Ebola Virus Disease
(EVD) can be transmitted by exposure to infected medical equipment and wastes.
Most healthcare waste (HCW) is being burned in open pits, burn barrels, or
inexpensive brick oven-type incinerators, with harmful emissions making the
problem worse. UNDP, as part of its Global Project for Ebola Response, and with
financial support from the Republic of Korea, South-Africa, GEF and the UNDP
Thematic Trust Fund, is improving the capacity of Ebola Treatment Units (ETUs) and
Health Care Facilities (HCFs) for treatment of HCW resulting from the care of Ebola
infected patients, using environmentally safe long-term solutions.
This is being done by installing autoclave technologies specifically designed for
Sub-Saharan Africa under the GEF/UNDP/WHO/HCWH Global Medical Waste
Project (20082014). These autoclaves are state-of-the-art yet easy to use non-burn
healthcare treatment technologies using pressurized steam to sterilize infectious
healthcare waste. The use of autoclaves allows for safer handling of the infectious
waste with less risk for the handlers and without polluting the surrounding areas.
Training is provided in proper waste segregation and proper handling as well.
After the Ebola epidemic is under control, the capacity developed will continue
to support key national health sector programmes such as those focusing on
infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, etc.) while minimizing environmental pollution.
The project will install
20 state-of-the-art
autoclaves for the
treatment of healthcare
waste in the three
countries most impacted
by the Ebola epidemic.
CASE STUDY 10
Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone: The Fight against Ebola
DECONTAMINATION AREA OF THE EBOLA TREATMENT UNIT AT THE
34 MILITARY HOSPITAL IN FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE. PHOTO BY
LESLEY WRIGHT.
DEMONSTRATING THE MEDI-CLAVE AUTOCLAVE TECHNOLOGY DESIGNED
FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA UNDER THE GEF/UNDP/ WHO/HCWH
GLOBAL MEDICAL WASTE PROJECT. PHOTO BY JORGE EMMANUEL. 20
Early identification of
issues that could affect
project implementation.
Ideas exchange and
identification of
solutions for project
implementation and
challenges.
Analysis of different
approaches to the same
task leads to creative
ways for optimization.
Identification of experts.
Strengthening the
relationship between
UNDP and national staff
and between projects.
UNDP Country Offices and its Chemicals and Waste Team in Panama
have since 2011 – been organizing annual regional workshops, which
strive to generate opportunities for countries to brainstorm and share
solutions to project implementation challenges that are common to all.
To keep costs down, these workshops are organized in conjunction with
other training opportunities.
In October 2014, a regional workshop was held in Cali, Colombia, bringing
together 8 project teams comprising project and government staff from
Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico
and Uruguay.
Each project team discussed progress to date in project implementation
and the challenges faced. Experts and international service providers were
conferenced in to provide further insight into technical and service solutions.
The workshop also allowed participants to observe project results first-hand
by visiting a PCB decontamination plant (Lito S.A.) and a Mercury Waste
management facility.
CASE STUDY 11
Promoting South-South cooperation: Exchange of POPs
experiences, ideas and initiatives in LAC
REGIONAL PCB WORKSHOP IN CALI, COLOMBIA (OCTOBER 2014). PHOTO BY CARLOS ANDRS HERNNDEZ ARIAS.
21
The focus of UNDPs work in the area of POPs during
the implementation of the UNDP Strategic Plan
(20142017) will continue to support developing
countries and countries with economies in transition
comply with their commitments under the Stockholm
Convention. This is fully in line with UNDPs Strategic
Plan Outcome 1, whose aims include work towards
developing solutions at national and sub-national
level for the sustainable management of chemicals
and waste.
During the GEF-6 funding cycle, UNDP will expand
its programme in chemicals and waste, and continue
to work towards the GEF-6 Chemicals and Waste
long-term goal, which is to prevent the exposure of
humans and the environment to harmful chemicals
and waste of global importance, including POPs,
through a significant reduction in the production,
use, consumption and emissions/releases of POPs
chemicals and waste.
In particular, UNDPs support to countries will
contribute to achieving the GEF-6 POPs target, which
is to dispose of 80,000 tonnes of POPs (PCBs and
obsolete pesticides) by 2018.
Throughout GEF-6, UNDP will provide support to
countries and national stakeholders to phase-out
and reduce Persistent Organic Pollutants through
the following type of programmes:
A. Update and revision of National Implementation
Plans (NIPs)
B. PCB management projects either supporting
countries that are undertaking their first PCB
management projects or countries that have
completed their first PCB management project,
but would like to undertake additional
replacement and disposal and/or management,
decontamination and disposal of contaminated
equipment and oils. PCB management and
disposal projects support:
Strengthening the legal framework and
improving enforcement capacity
Undertaking additional PCB inventories
to identify remaining PCBs and hot spots
Improving PCB management practices
(such as handling, storage, transport
and destruction)
Ensuring safe disposal of PCBs in partnership
with holders of PCB stocks
Implementing public awareness campaigns
and communication strategies
LOOKING FORWARD
22
C. POPs pesticide management through:
Development of national capacity to safely
manage and dispose of obsolete POPs pesticide
stockpiles
Promoting sustainable alternatives to
POPs pesticides
D. Reduction and elimination of UPOPs from:
Healthcare waste management
E-waste management
Municipal waste management
Agricultural waste management
Metallurgical production processes and recycling
E. Reduce use and releases of flame retardants from:
Manufacturing and production processes
Plastics waste management and recycling
F. Green chemistry and supply chain
management through:
Application of the sound management
of chemicals along the manufacturing
and supply chain
Design of processes that minimize the use and
generation of hazardous substances and waste,
in particular those controlled by multilateral
environmental agreements
G. Multi-POPs programmes combining components
related to PCBs, POPs pesticides, UPOPs as well
as new POPs. Such an approach is particularly
effective in smaller countries.
H. Multi-Focal Areas and/or Sustainable Cities
programmes which combine funding from
various GEF focal areas, such as Chemicals
and Waste; Biodiversity; Climate Change;
Land Degradation; International Waters and
Sustainable Management of Forests. Such
programmes address environmental management
in a holistic manner focusing attention on cities,
a protected area or a large region, which would
benefit more from a holistic integrated approach
rather than stand-alone smaller GEF projects.
In addition, throughout GEF-6, UNDP will
continue to support countries in developing and
implementing programmes and projects that
improve the management of Mercury and other
toxic metals (e.g. lead) as well as Ozone Depleting
Substances (ODS). For additional information on
these types of projects, please refer to the other
reports in this publication series.
DDT-FREE ANTI-FOULING PAINT PRODUCER ZHEJIANG FEIJING PAINT CO., LTD, IN ZHOUSHAN, CHINA. PHOTO BY MR. LUO YI.
THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC COOPERATION OFFICE (FECO).
23
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations
Development Programme, its Executive Board, the United Nations Member States, the Global
Environment Facility, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
This is an independent publication by the UNDP Montreal Protocol/Chemicals Unit.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps in this document
do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
All rights reserved. This publication or parts of it may not be reproduced, stored by means
of any system or transmitted, in any form or by any medium, whether electronic, mechanical,
photocopied, recorded or of any other type, without the prior permission of the United
Nations Development Programme.
Overall Coordinator: Jacques Van Engel, Director, MPU/Chemicals Unit, UNDP
Joint Editors: Frank Pinto and Hilda van der Veen
Technical Editors: Frank Pinto and Ajiniyaz Reimov
Lead Contributor: Hilda van der Veen
Contributors: Almat Abenov, Anderson Alves, Amina Beibitova, Panida Charotok, Tomoko
Furusawa, Monica Gaba Kapadia, Etienne Gonin, Carlos Andrs Hernndez Arias, Kasper
Koefoed-Hansen, William Kwan, Gaukhar Maikenova, Idi Mohammed Maleh, Balaji Natarajan,
Lina Al Nsour, Satyajeet Ramchurn, Sara Gudiela Avila Rodriguez, Pablo Rodriguez Rubio,
Maksim Surkov, Truang Thi Quynh Trang, Hoang Thanh Vinh, Peng Wu.
Additional inputs/support provided by: Eugenie Blair, Christopher Hawkins Chan,
Nejat Ncube, Loise Nganga
Designer: Camilo J. Salomon @ www.cjsalomon.com
Printer: Graphics Service Bureau (GSB), New York
Cover photos: Top: Packaging and labeling of excavated POPs pesticides at the Lagluja
pesticide burial site in Georgia in preparation for disposal abroad. Photo by Vladimer Valishvili.
Middle left: Decontamination area of the Ebola Treatment Unit at the 34 Military Hospital in
Freetown, Sierra Leone. Photo by Lesley Wright. Middle right: Excavation of POPs pesticides
at the Lagluja pesticide burial site in Georgia. Photo by Vladimer Valishvili. Lower left: Draining
of PCB oil from transformers at ArcelorMittal Temirtau in Kazakhstan. Photo by POLYECO.
Lower right: Open burning of municipal waste at the dumpsite in Comayagua, Honduras.
Photo by Luis Ortega.
Montreal Protocol/Chemicals Unit
Sustainable Development Cluster
Bureau for Policy and Programme Support
United Nations Development Programme
304 East 45th Street, 9th Floor
New York, NY 10017
www.undp.org/chemicals
Copyright UNDP May 2015

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

• Plagiarism free papers
• Timely delivery
• Any deadline
• Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
• Subject-relevant academic writer
• Adherence to paper instructions
• Ability to tackle bulk assignments
• Reasonable prices
• 24/7 Customer Support
• Get superb grades consistently

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor’s, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

• When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
• We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

• The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
• We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
• Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!

The post Human health and the environment appeared first on UK Superior Essays.